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《Environmental Chemistry》为环境科学、环境工程、环境化学等专业的研究生课程教材，主要涉及环境科学、基本化学概念和定理、大气化学、化学分析、相变、水污染及治理、大气层、颗粒物、光化学烟雾、地球化学和土壤化学等。《Environmental Chemistry: Advanced Concepts and Applications（环境化学：先进概念与应用）》整合了环境科学和化学学科中的内容，从环境科学的定义入手，逐一介绍物质循环及化学演变、各圈层的环境化学、典型污染物在各圈层的转化与效应、有害污染物的相关理论等，可帮助工科硕士和博士快速掌握全球的重大环境问题，如光化学烟雾、温室效应、臭氧层形成及损耗、水污染、土壤的重金属污染成因、危害及防治等，培养学生实事求是的科学态度，学会多学科的交叉与综合应用。
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Contents1 Environmental Science 1Zhen-Yu Tian， Muhammad Yousuf， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar2 Exploring the Building Blocks of Chemistry 15Zhen-Yu Tian， Muhammad Yousuf， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar3 Chemical Analysis 43Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar4 Phase Interactions 67Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar5 Water Pollution 81Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar6 Atmospheric Chemistry 99Zhen-Yu Tian， Muhammad Yousuf， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar7 Geochemistry 167Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar8 Geosphere 185Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen，Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar9 Soil Chemistry 217Muhammad Yousuf， Zhen-Yu Tian， Ahmed E. Mansy，and Muneeb Ul Hassan Naseer
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Chapter 1 Environmental Science Zhen-Yu Tian， Muhammad Yousu， Zhi-Min Wang， Rubina Jabeen， Ahmed E. Mansy， Samuel Daniel， and Rohit Kumar When we listen to the words ”Environmental Science，” a couple of queries come into our minds: What do we know and understand precisely about Environmental Science? Why is it necessary that we consider understanding Environmental Science? What areas of study intersect with Environmental Science? And how can they be applied? In this chapter， we explore these inquiries and aim to elucidate the consensus among scientists regarding the significance of environmental science. It is clear that the environment comprises various domains， including soil， water， air， and ecosystems. Environmental science focuses on understanding the mechanisms behind the chemical and biological processes that occur within and among these domains. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field that investigates environmental issues and the effects of human actions on the environment. It encompasses various disciplines， including ecology， biochemistry， geology， biology， chemistry， chemical engineering， and physics. With both practical and theoretical dimensions， environmental science employs quantitative approaches and plays a crucial role in shaping government policies globally. It focuses on the interactions between humans and the environment， considering social， political， and economic aspects. It should be noted that environmental science is distinct from environmental studies， as the former delves into understanding phenomena such as climate change， while the latter may concentrate on assessing its economic and political implications and proposing mitigation strategies using modeling techniques. The emergence of modern environmental science can be traced back to the growing public awareness and concern about environmental issues during the 1960s and ‘70s. However， the study of the environment has been an integral part of human endeavors throughout history. The publication of influential books like Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring [1] and Paul R. Ehrlich‘s The Population Bomb [2] further amplified the need for research into the environmental impacts of human activities， coinciding with concerns about nuclear proliferation and the release of toxins and chemicals. Environmental science now focuses on measuring the impacts of disasters like the Three Mile Island incident in 1979 and studying the effects of pollutants such as atmospheric sulfur dioxide on acid rain. Environmental scientists investigate numerous issues and potential solutions， such as renewable energy systems， pollution control， and natural resource management. Their discoveries and expertise are used by government agencies， corporations， universities， and private organizations to solve environmental concerns [3] (Fig.1.1). 1.1 Environmental Chemistry The concept of Environmental Chemistry is represented visually in the accompanying diagram (Fig.1.2). Environmental chemistry is an area of research that focuses on the behavior and consequences of chemicals in the environment. It involves investigating how chemicals enter the environment， undergo changes， enter and accumulate in organisms and other components of the ecosystem， and the resulting effects， often adverse， they have on these entities [4]. Moreover， the examination of chemical reactions and the consequences of human actions on these processes takes place within various settings such as water， air， land， and living environments. This field encompasses a range of disciplines， including astrochemistry， biochemistry， environmental chemistry， aquatic chemistry， geochemistry， and pollution mitigation. In the past， research in environmental chemistry has been categorized into different spheres， namely the atmosphere， hydrosphere， lithosphere， and biosphere [5]. 1.1.1 Atmosphere The atmosphere of a planet extends outward from its surface， encompassing gases and suspended particles known as aerosols. This envelope of gas and aerosols is present above the planet’s oceans， soil， and ice-covered areas. As we move a distance from the surface， the density of air decreases due to the planet‘s gravitational pull， which is strongest near the surface. Certain planetary bodies， like Mercury， have minimal atmospheres since their weak gravitational attraction allows the primordial atmosphere to escape into space. However， other planets such as Venus， Earth， Mars， and the outer gas giants in the solar system have maintained their atmospheres. It is worth noting that Earth’s atmosphere， in all its three phases (solid， liquid， and gas)， has the capacity to hold water. This distinct feature has played an essential role in fostering the development of life on our planet [6]. 1.1.2 Hydrosphere The hydrosphere encompasses all the water present on a planet， including its surface， underwater， and in the atmosphere. It exis
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